The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay - 4393 Words

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are 1 Cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. Stem cells are basically unspecialized cells that can, with proper physiologic or experimental conditions, become specialized cells. Specialized cells are usually called differentiated cells. These differentiated cells can then be used to repair damaged cells and eventually cure many diseases and disorders in humans. This could revolutionize the way society treats health issues. Instead of trying to destroy and sure a disease or disorder, doctors could simply grow new cells that would be able to repair or replace the damaged cells and tissue. Adult Stem†¦show more content†¦Recently, however, there has been some evidence that indicates that adult stem cells may be able to develop into more than one type of specialized cell, but nothing is entirely conclusive. Because of these problems, adult stem cells are difficult to use for extensive research. Embryonic Stem Cells Embryonic stem cell research is the more controversial of the two major types of stem cells. These types of stem cells are taken from embryos that were produced through in vitro fertilization. Most embryos used for stem cell research are taken from those donated after in vitro fertilization. Once the embryo that is to inserted back into the woman?s body is chosen, scientists use the left over embryos to extract stem cells. After about four or five days after fertilization, the egg becomes a group of cells called a blastocyst. The inner cell mass of the blastocyst contains about thirty cells that can be extracted. Once extracted, the cells are put into a culture dish which contains a nutrient broth or culture medium. The culture dish has been coated with mouse skin cells in the past. This gives the stem cells something to attach to. Recently, researchers have been able to grow stem cells without the use of the mouse cells. This eliminates the risk of any contamination that the mouse c ells may have caused. In this dish, the cells divide and grow in number. As the cells grow and begin to crowd the original plate, they are carefully removed and placed intoShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research in Ethics999 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research in Ethics We are entering a brave new world where one can grow a heart in a petri plate then go on to surgically putting it into a real living boy who desperately needs it. This sounds like a tale of fiction. However now, scientists are currently working to produce such organs that save lives and obviate the usual failure and feared rejection by the recipient’s body. Stem cell research has traditionally been perceived to be horrific when it destroys a living embryo itselfRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthese outstanding medical advances a self-renewing stem cell that regenerates and gives rise to all cells and tissues of the body was discovered. The controversy of such finding of abilities of stem cell is that they can only be extracted from the human embryo. In order to extort stem cells from the embryo it needs to be aborted. The extraction needs to be done just days after conception or between the fifth and the ninth week. Though stem cell rese arch has astonishing potential to save many lives dueRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1365 Words   |  6 PagesStem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body. Stem cells also act as a repair system for many tissues in the body by dividing repeatedly to replenish other cells within a person (National Institutes of Health). Stem cell research seeks to further the advancement of the use of stem cells as well as to find an ethical way to study them. In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005).Read MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1643 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Thomas Philosophy 3520 Bioethics The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Science fiction has tried to encapsulate social responses that could arise with the development of genetically altered or â€Å"enhanced† human beings. Regenerative medicine, genetic cloning and life extension are all terms that sound like they came out of a fantastic film or novel, though they are in fact subjects of great research and heated debates. Embryonic stem cells are arguably the quintessential building block ofRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research Essay1994 Words   |  8 Pagesscience, stem cells have, and are still, been the subject of multiple court cases, some of which conclude with the defendant s case winning. For example in the Moore v. Regents of University of California et al, the plaintiff accused the Regents of University of California, specifically Dr. Golde, of using his cells for lucrative medical research without his permission (Moore v. The Regents of The University of California et al., 1990). This case doesn’t specifically address st em cells, but it openedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research2651 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research: How the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Changed Them Few areas in science are surrounded by as much controversy as the area of stem cell research. Some scientists and doctors see it as a way to return their patients to wellness, while others claim it’s taking a life. Recent break-throughs in science and medicine may yield a safer alternative to the use of stem cells from embryos. Embryonic stem cell research should not be allowed, because it is unethical to takeRead More The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pages While some people might say that stem cell research is immoral and unethical, others believe that it is a magical solution for almost any problem, thus leading to a very controversial issue. Scientists have been searching for years for ways to eradicate incurable diseases and perform other medical procedures that yesterdays technology would not fix. With the rapidly arising, positive research on stem cell technology, the potential that exists to restore any deficiency is in the same way, like lyRead MoreThe Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay741 Words   |  3 Pages Embryonic stem cell research can be easily defined. A stem is defined as something that is developed from. A cell is defined as a microscopic living organism. According to Dennis Hollinger, Embryonic stem cell research uses from the embryos inner cell mass that give rise to each of the human bodys many different tissue types(1). In our modern day society, stem cell research has become a controversial topic. Several people strongly oppose the idea of the research, but many are struggling forRead MoreThe Ethics And Morality Of Stem Cell Research1990 Words   |  8 Pages The Ethics and Morality Of Stem Cell Research When does life begin? Does it occur at the time of fertilization? Does it begin at 12 weeks? 6? Or is there some other test determining whether or not a life begins and along with it the rights, that reside to man. The natural rights that belong to every human being, most importantly of which, the right to life. This is the discussion and debate that have been in the forefront of controversial issues for the past 40 years. In most cases the topicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1520 Words   |  7 PagesGulyas American Government 16 December 2014 The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research In the 21st century, disease is rampant and for most diseases, we have no cure because we haven t researched them long enough to find a specialized cure. One option that we have is human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research. HESC research consists of using human embryonic stem cells, which are very flexible and adaptive to create the necessary cells to develop future cell-based therapies for currently untreatable diseases

The Character Desdemona and the Role of Women Depicted in...

The society in which Othello takes place is a patriarchal one, where men had complete control over women. They were seen as possessions rather than being just as equally human and capable of duties performed by men. All women of the Elizabethan were to obey all men, fathers, brothers, husbands, etc. Which leads me to the most reliable and trustworthy character of Desdemona, whom goes through many trials just to satisfy her love. Shakespeare brings the thought of Desdemona into the play by Barbantio, her father, â€Å"It is too true an evil. Gone she is.\...Oh, she deceives me\ Past thought! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.1.163)(1.1.168-169), whom has just found she has taken off with Othello and firstly suspects they have been hitched. Shakespeare gives reader the†¦show more content†¦She is then disowned by Barbantio with no further words directed to her by him but is referenced as a liar and should be kept on watch for her conniving ways by him towards Othello. Which then begins Shak espeare’s in depth writing on Othello and Desdemona’s relationship where she is as â€Å"a child to chiding† (4.2.119-120). Not even a moment after her father leaves Othello commands Iago to tell his wife, Emilia, to tend to Desdemona as a babysitter. Irony occurs within (2.1.169-171) where Desdemona challenges Iago and stands as an independent woman for Emilia objecting to his conclusion, that women no matter how beautiful or intelligent play the same â€Å"foul pranks†. However, as Othello’s jealousy and rage arises throughout the play it seems as her character has to fight even harder to breathe under his control; symbolic for her death of suffocation. Desdemona is a gentle women living under her love’s control with no power to object even if she had opposed this type of controlling relationship. As a higher class woman she had more power and respect over other women characters such as Emilia or Bianca, but is this dominance enough to fe el in control of oneself? It is believed that Shakespeare added the 2 otherShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesthose of any other playwright, past and present. One of the most famous examples of these plays is the tragedy of â€Å"Othello†, believed to have been written in approximately 1603. The work revolves around four central characters; Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army; his new wife, Desdemona; his lieutenant, Cassio; and his trusted ensign, Iago. Throughout the play of â€Å"Othello†, William Shakespeare diagnoses and portrays two ills within his own society, which are undeniably still present inRead MoreRoles Of Women In Othello1112 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s tragic drama â€Å"Othello†, Shakespeare puts emphasis on the role of the female characters and their influence on the male protagonists. Othello’s love and jealousy regarding his wife made this play a tragedy. There are only three women in the play Othello; Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca. The way in which these women behave and present themselves strongly reflects the ideological expectations of women within Shakespeare’s imagined Venetian society as well as the Elizabethan societyRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1994 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Othello, a play which begins with Othello, a moor and his wife Desdemona’s perpetual love, ends as a tragic as Desdemona is murdered by her husband and lover Othello. The other characters in the play such as Iago, Michael Cassio, Emilia, Roderigo and Bianca play an active role in this tragic end. However, more than the characters that play the active role in a tragic end, the inferiority of the women depict in the play ultimately results in such an ending. The only three women in theRead MoreGender Stereotypes in Othello Essay2033 Words   |  9 Pagesstereotypes. Shakespeare’s great play Othello uses its main characters to embody the characteristics of the stereotypical females and males according to society’s liking. The stereotypical woman is loyal and faithful to her husband, while the male stereotype possesses strength, control, and dominance. This use of stereotypes enables many misperceptions to develop and build until ultimately everyone experiences downfall and destruction. Shakespeare includes the effects of gender roles and identitiesRead MoreLady Mary Wortley Montagus Turkish Embassy Letters And Othello1360 Words   |  6 Pagesgender roles was just as relevant in previous years. Over the years and throughout various cultures, the concept of gender and the roles associated with genders have changed dramatically. Now as well as in previous years people have struggled to defy the constraints placed on them due to gender norms. Sometimes, gender is viewed in a positive light and is wholly embraced. Other times, one’s gender is used as against them, shackling a person with stereotypes. The ways in which women are depicted in LadyRead MoreThe Contemporary American Rendition Of Othello By William Shakespeare1191 Words   |  5 PagesOthello, composed by Shakespeare in 1603, is a standout amongst the most disputable and pertinent plays to both society and people. It investigates themes such as gender equality and Jealousy that are still pervasive today. The film O, on the other hand, is the contemporary American rendition of Othello. It too explores similar notions pertinent to society. At the core of both these texts there are universal themes that make it similar, however, each text has been altered by the composers, WilliamRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Femininity1571 Words   |  7 Pagesin terms of discourse. It is not just the sex and gender of a being that determines their actions, but instead their thoughts and opinions. This essay will assess ideas of femininity in reference to James The Turn of The Screw, and Shakespeares Othello. In order for us to deal with how a consideration of femininity can effect our understanding of a literary text, we must also be able to grasp the notion of `feminism and `Feminist Literary Theory. A dictionary definition of `feminismRead MoreEssay on Othello and Hedda Gabler: Breaking from Tradition1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand women and their actions, thoughts, and behaviours have been at the centre and focal point in several types of literature. The relationships between one another have been portrayed in various ways, each one representing each gender differently. The representation of women has been a common and controversial subject. The female gender roles depicted in each time period have always been present in literature throughout history. These traditional female roles that society has placed on women haveRead MoreOthello Speech815 Words   |  4 Pageshuman condition in Othello. Give reference to one character and one theme. For centuries, William Shakespeare has captured the hearts of men and women with his tragedies. His plays explore human existence and raise questions about what it means to be human; allowing the audience to relate to his characters despite the era in which the play was produced. Good morning students, today I am going to discuss what role the human condition plays in the plot of Shakespeare’s play, Othello. In ‘The tragedyRead MoreShakespeare s Othello - Women s Roles2050 Words   |  9 PagesWomen in Othello In Shakespeare’s Othello women are depicted as possessions, ’whores’, and generally just submissive beings with only a few situational exceptions. They are simply sexual objects in the view of the men that dominate this play, but at times they break free of that label and show that women can be much more than that. In today’s society women are praised, they have value, and are worth much more than how they are depicted by Shakespeare. Each of the three women in the play have

Meditation free essay sample

Meditation Sit as you wish on a chair or on the floor with your back straight. Turn the palms of your hands up Close your eyes. Take a deep breath, inhaling through your nose and exhaling from your mouth. With each breath, in and out, release the tension in your body more and more. Smile, and imagine each organ in your body, in turn, smiling back at you. Think of what you have to be grateful for in your life. Now start visualizing a fluid white light entering your body through your feet and moving slowly pward, toes to feet to ankles, legs to thighs and hips saying to yourself I open myself to the light, to the teacher within and without or I honor the divinity that resides within me. Continue to visualize the light rising, filling every inch, every muscle- hips to waist, belly, back, shoulders lingering everywhere you feel tension or pain -your arms, elbows, hands and fingers. We will write a custom essay sample on Meditation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Feel the light move up, neck to chin, to lips, eyes, forehead and hair. Now see how your entire body glows with white light. See a spark of that light leave your body through the top of your head. You are that spark of light. See that spark of light you flying high to the sky, to the clouds. Repeat I open myself to the light, to the teacher within and without or I honor the divinity that resides within me. Continue to fly, higher and higher, until you are in a magical place, unseen before, a place of beauty almost beyond imagining. Colors so vibrant they seem unreal, lakes, mountains, waterfalls, flowers, birds and butterflies and unicorns, fanciful creatures of all kinds. Create your imaginary garden, your magical place you will always go to. Here everything is peaceful, and everything possible. When a thought comes to mind Just focus on your breath or repeat and let the thought go like clouds in the sky. Be gentle with yourself. Imagine now a bright white light shining down upon you, reflecting and intensifying your own light giving you unconditional love. Love as you have never known it before. Rest in this place. Rest here, and magic will happen. When it feels right, begin the return to your body n the same way you left it slowly, until you are ready to end your meditation. But before you end it, visualize your body filled with light, enter it and stay with for a few minutes. Then, with your hands in prayer position, lift them to your forehead to remind yourself to be aware of your thoughts. Drop them to your lips to remind yourself to be conscious of your words. Drop them to your heart to remind yourself to be conscious of your actions. And last, bow to yourself to honor the master within you You are saluting the God By satharmk

Religion In Public Schools Essays - Prayer, Spiritual Practice

Religion In Public Schools In the past Religion was confined to the state now with religious freedom everything has changed or at least started to change. In order for religion to be in a private school now it is again trying to be in Public schools. People ask "why can't freedom to acknowledge god be enjoyed again by children in every schoolroom across this land?" In the past, a long time ago children always prayed before class started and before lunch. But things h ave changed, "in 1791 the separation of church and state" started. Although it was made clear about the separation of the two "as late as 1951 some twenty states permitted schools to begin the day by reading aloud a passage of the bible." Bu t that had to stop. People didn't have the same beliefs when it comes to religion, if a family absent even believe in god why should their child be forced to pray? On many different occasions questions similar to this one were brought up and complained about. That is what started it all real big. When complaining, arguing and fighting all started over the silent moment. In 1978 a few lawyers got together and considered a constitutional law. The original law said that public school teachers in gr ades 1-6 "shall announce that a period of silence, not to exceed one minute, shall be observed for meditation." This law did not work for long, because it still allowed oral prayer in public high schools. Later in 1981, the Alabama State Senator D onald G. Holmes successfully passed a bill that included all grades calling it "the moment of silence" this law said that "the teacher (was) to announce that the silent moment may be used for voluntary prayer." Although it would have to be si lent prayer. Even after this new law started the lawyers that were opposed to this were trying to say that students "do not have a right to pray in school" silently or otherwise because of growing impressions that affect their life. The silent mom ent supposedly "(forced) religion on children." I don't agree with that at all, if there has to be a moment of silence then any child can use that moment however he or she wants, it does not necessarily have to be used fro prayer. Usually "the chi ldren who have been brought up with prayer or some type of religion are usually proven to be better" kids. I have friends who go to private schools where praying in class out loud is perfectly O.K. and normal. This praying in the classroom usually would have a pretty good size affect on the rest of a person's life. Although when praying aloud it could force one type of religion on a student rather than having them have more of a choice of what type of religion they want or if they even want to ha ve a religion. When there would be the religion in the classrooms. "School children not participating in the prayers or the bible readings (would be) asked or required to leave the room."0 This has been another big dispute because the bill of rig hts states that there shall be "freedom of religion"1 therefore this means that if a person does not believe in god or what ever the instance might be then they don't have to. This means if you want to have any type of religion you may. The childr en who are forced to leave the classroom to stand in the hall are forced to make a statement that says "we do not believe in te god of te state (or) we do not believe that prayer should be publicly displayed in a public schoolhouse."This was all thought to be by mainly every one all wrong, therefore if a child wished not to participate in the pledge o allegiance or what ever it might be they did not have to leave the classroom, stand silently in the halls, or write a statement in stead they were allowed to just sit quietly in their seats. Religion in public schools would be good for certain students but the silent moment is good enough for now. Since religion has been tried in public schools and hasn't exactly worked, the groups of children who wish to have prayer meetings with other school members are allowed to have meetings, groups, clubs, ect. before, at lunch or after school. "Religion (in the public schools) can change a persons life"3

Importance of external factors Essays

Importance of external factors Essays Importance of external factors Essay Importance of external factors Essay In an administration there are several factors influence the growing and public presentation of the administration. There are some factors which are influence the organisation can be controlled by the direction but some factors are beyond the organisation direction control. The factors which are controlled by the administration known as internal factors and factors which are beyond the direction control known as external factors such as Political. economical. societal and proficient factors. Political Factors: For BA political factors are really of import for concern growing. As this company is runing around the universe and involved in air conveyance. country’s political tenseness can halter its normal operation every bit good as the gross income. Economic: economical factor is another of import factor for such company. As still air travel is expensive. people’s ability to go and economic conditions should be considered when be aftering for BA. As an illustration BA faced a immense loss when the European recession started. Technological: Entire concern related to BA is based on the engineering. As the air conveyance sector is excessively competitory. all companies are ever ready to catch the new engineering as a gift for their possible clients. So. as taking company BA ever has to see the technological factors within its concern. Expectations of a stakeholders Stakeholders include those persons. groups. and other organisations who have an involvement in the actions of an organisation and who have the ability to act upon it. The stakeholder attack consistently integrates executives’ concerns about organisational scheme with the organization’s involvements in selling. human resource direction. public dealingss. organisational political relations. and societal duty. This integrative position assumes that an effectual organisation scheme requires consensus from a plurality of cardinal stakeholders about what it should be making and how these things should be done. The degree of stakeholders outlooks are depends on the assorted factors and types of stakeholders in a company. Sing all afcts BA’s stakeholders outlooks are stated below: O Risk direction of the company. o Technological alteration within the company. o Financial and economical public presentation of the company. o Environmental and ethical battle. o Contibution to societal. cultural and economical. O Policy for the future external and internal factors. o Program to turn to any negative impact. o Future development and ends. Major alterations in the external environment As a company in air hose sector BA is runing and has many offices around the universe. So the socio-economic factors irrespective of geographic countries can be a good factor fro its strategic planning procedure. For illustration. BA had closed their all operation and office from most of south Asiatic states due to the uninterrupted loss. The chief ground for that loss was economic bad conditions in that country. Like this many socio-economic factors can be the major issues for BA’s scheme devising. During the political tenseness in middle-east many people ignored to go with BA. which caused a immense loss for its annual gross. Another of import alteration that could impact BA’s scheme is legal issues. BA faced assorted legal duties in different states that played a immense impact on their hereafter staretgy. Many states has different regulations for their air hose sector and BA has to follow those regulations to run its fleet in those states. A SWOT analysis of BA can be included here to measure its possible major alterations in external environment. Strength: ? 1. Merger and Acquisition ? ? 2. Opensky understanding. ? ? 3. Strong trade name image ? ? 4. Expansion of fleet Failing: ? 1. Cost of direction. ? ? 2. Decline profitableness ? ? 3. Labour work stoppage Opportunities: 1. Emergence of new market. ? 2. Increased travel concern in Europe. ? 3. Economic Restoration. Menaces: ? 1. Raising fuel cost. ? 2. Changing of consumers’ behavior. ? 3. Unstable political issues worldwide. PESTEL Analysis In order to mensurate success in air hose industry. en external environmental analysis is really of import. This PESTEL analysis will explicate the BA’s place in the market. peculiarly in footings of rivals and how it measuring to run into its current and future challenges. Factor Key Points Deductions for BA Political 1. Heavy ordinances. 2. Increased security due to past onslaughts. 1. Conformity is indispensable. 2. Sufficient security steps should be in topographic point. Economic 1. Global Economic Crisis. 2. Oil monetary value is non stable. 3. UK consumer saw largest diminution in disbursement. 1. Possible decrease of concern travel. 2. Directly impacting the BA’s cost base. Social Technological 1. UK has an aging population. 2. Increasing unemployment. 1. Online user usually use comparison site. 2. Online engagement and reserve going more popular. 1. Potential chance for growing as older individual will pass more clip in vacation. 2. Increased dickering power for new employees. 1. Increased deal power for both parties. 2. Must guarantee that BA’s remain up to day of the month. Ethical 1. Noise pollution control 2. Cancellations of flight and luggage loss. 1. New statute law. 2. Such ethical issues could hold a damaging consequence on repute if left unsolved. Legal 1. Collusion and monetary value repair. 2. Open skies understanding. 1. Restriction on amalgamations will hold an impact on BA’s proposed confederation with American Airlines. 2. Opportunity for BA and its rivals to freely transport aircraft between the EU and US. Undertaking 2 Analyse the effects of current concern program Any administration has to hold a elaborate program for their concern. This program determines the mission and vision of that administration. The strategic planning squad develop this concern program for the administration. By assesing this program any stakeholder or other external entities can acquire thought about the type and country of concern. There are many tools for analyzing the effects of such program over the administration. These analysis tools includes: SWOT Analysis. Value Chain Analysis. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis etc. To see the effects of concern program on BA. writer will utilize Porter’s Five forces tool here. British Airways- market place. by Porter’s Five forces: Force Strength 1. Competitive Competition: b. BA caters for other flights. c. There are really little diffrentiation between BA and other rivals in footings of pricing. d. Short Haul market is more disconnected by little participants. 2. Power of Supplier: a. Merely two providers for aircrafts. b. BA restricted by exclusive provider of fuel to the airdrome. 3. Power of Buyer: a. For long draw. clients has no pick most of the clip. B. Availability of flight and seats are non plenty c. Price usually changes harmonizing to demand. 4. Menaces to new Entrants: a. Competitive Environment. B. High regulative demands. c. High cost demands. 5. Menaces to replacements: a. Very few direct closed replacements. B. Short Haul flight: Euro Star or Ferry. c. Long Haul flights: No noteworthy replacements. High High Medium High Low Current Market poistion of BA In startegic manageemtn assorted tools are used to analyze the current market place of any administration. These tools are proven proficient analysis tools in direction sector. The analysis tools that largely used for the market place analysis are: BCG Matrix. GAP Analysis. Life Cycle Analysis. Market Share Analysis etc. In order to set about the BA’s current market portion analysis as asked in the class work. writer here used two tools. These are below. BCG matrix Figure 1: BCG Matrix ( Source: Emerald Insight 2012 ) British Airways had a great market portion and low growing in last few old ages. It is apparent that. they did non do any large investing either in their fleet or increasing the finish. which could do them hard currency cow. In recent. they changed their staretgies and concentrating on increasing fleet every bit good as spread outing the geographical market. BA’s another large strategic decesion was amalgamation with Liberia which eventually done on the terminal of 2010. This amalgamation will assist to increase BA’s gross as a one of the top in the avaiation inductry. By making so. BA will non merely bring forth the big sums of money they will besides devour big sum of money per twelvemonth. Therefore the hard currency in every way about nets out. This sort of activities proves that British Airways is going a Star but in slow procedure. Product/Service life rhythm Introduction Phase By the 1920’s Britain had a batch of air hose companies but due to strong competition many private British air bearers were forced out of concern. In 1923 all these companies merged to organize a individual British international air bearer called the Imperial Air conveyance. Meanwhile. the British air passages. had begun to enforce a large menace and competition to imperial air conveyance which resulted in the formation of the British Overseas Airways Cooperation was formed ( BOAC ) that subsequently combined with the BEA and 2 smaller companies formed the British Airways ( BA ) Growth Stage The growing can be easy marked by the debut of the concorde into the BA. In 1985 British Airways was made a public limited company. In February 1987 the denationalization was eventually consummated when 720. 2 million portions of British Airways stock were sold to the populace for one billion lbs. Expansion of fleet and paths were even more noticeable after amalgamations with other bearers like Bcal ( British Caledonian ) . Due to the enlargement of BA. another bearer Laker Airways were besides forced out of concern. This marked how dominant BA was turning out to be in the air bearer sector. Maturity Phase The BA amalgamations assured the laterality of the bearer in the place market secure for the clip being. During this phase confederations and amalgamations made/attempted by BA with other bearers in different markets were legion: Aliiance with Aeroflot in Russia to make Air Russia. Attempted amalgamation with KLM royal Dutch air passages. Broke down due to rating of the two houses. Purchased 25 % of Qantas air hoses in Australia. Gained 49. 9 % of the Gallic. TAT European Airlines. Started a German bearer called Deutsche BA with 49 % ownership. Measure the competitory strength and failing Harmonizing to Jhonson ( 2008 ) . a value concatenation analysis is undertaken when a reliable attack to develop competitory advantage has made. In here. in order to analyze the British Airways competitory advantages. value concatenation analysis has done. Figure 2: Value Chain Analysis ( Source: Emerald Insight 2008 ) Value Chain Analysis: Primary activities within value-chain analysis are the 1s that straight affect the concern within short period of clip and their affect is easy to supervise. They are inward logistics. operations. operations. outbound logistics. selling and gross revenues. and post-sales services. Inbound logistics. Goods received from company providers are referred to as inward logistics. Competitive advantage is achieved in inbound logistics phase of the concern by BA through set uping ongoing relationships with providers. sophisticated system for stock control and professional preparation that has been accredited by UK City and Guilds ( BA Press Office. 2008 ) Operations. By and large. operations phase of the concern involves fixing goods and services to be sold to clients. BA has a scope of competitory advantages in operations portion of the concern through offering its clients increased security for their baggage. offering speedy check-in services and besides offering some services such as ticket engagements and engagement of other services online. Selling and gross revenues are considered to be one of the chief evidences for deriving competitory advantage and normally is utilized by many companies to the full. Competitive border gained in selling and gross revenues by BA involve marketing activities non merely to clients. but besides to all stakeholders of the company. Besides. BA senior direction big sum of budget for selling and gross revenues enterprises for the company. Undertaking 3 Strategic options for British Air passages In order to develop strategic options for an organisation utilizing mold tools. writer here used Ansoff matrix. Here is the treatment with this tool. The Ansoff implies concern growing either by marketing new or bing merchandises in bing or new markets ( Shaw 2011. 83 ) . Market Penetration Although BA already has presence in the bing market it is confronting stiff competition. For illustration. in the short draw market. quickly saturating with budget air hoses. BA lost ?1 billion in grosss by terminal of 2009/2010 fiscal twelvemonth. The major options presently are 1 ) Bettering on people procedures including bag managing 2 ) Further investing on information engineering particularly on internet engagements ( British Air passages 2010. 58 ) Market development Market development scheme focuses on non-buying clients in already presently targeted sections and focal points on new clients in new sections ( Angwin. Cummings. Smith 2011. 73 ) . BA is seeking to recover some concern category clients from Virgin air hoses and other rivals. Merchandise development Product development entails the procedure used to convey new merchandises into the market. For illustration. BA introduced a new in-flight amusement system in the Boeing 777-300 ERs in 2010 and the First Cabin. a sophisticated Ne cabin that offers clients the opportunity to work. animate. eat and slumber ( British Air passages 2010. 67 ) . Diversification Diversification is a concern scheme that attempts to increase profitableness by presenting new merchandises in new markets. Formation of confederations is a comparatively new tendency in new markets. for case ; by join forcesing with India’s Kingfisher air hoses. BA will increase finish connexions and better flight agendas ( British Air passages 2010. 76 ) . Choice of the most feasible strategic options The best manner of making this is by extinguishing the least feasible options to stay with the most feasible options. Renovation of trade name image: British Airways already possesses the advantage of holding a globally recognised trade name name ( Buckingham 2011. 13 ) . Introduction of complimentary services: basically requires the recreation of capital financess to implement. Presently. it does non significantly heighten Product development ( Ansoff ) ( Punzel 2011. 32 ) . Diversifying into other transport markets- Diversification is presently non a precedence relation to other more good schemes ( Punzel 2011. 32 ) . Supply concatenation migration: As portion of variegation ( Ansoff ) . this is besides non a feasible scheme at this clip ( Belobaba. Odoni. Barnhart 2009. 67 ) . Options for future organizational scheme Through market cleavage. companies divide big heterogenous markets into smaller sections that can be reached more expeditiously with merchandises and services that match their alone demands. ( kotler. 2009 ) British Airways has divided it market cleavage into different variables. There are figure of variables involved in consumer market cleavage. entirely and in combination. These variables are: Geographic variables Demographic variables Psychographic variables Behavioral variables Occupation- British Air passages give excess benefit for High Class. Some of the benefits like Club Card. Income- Peoples who are into concern category can go in British air passages as airfare are really high. Nationality – In British airway all different sort of nationality travel.

hypocrisis - definition and examples of hypocrisis

hypocrisis - definition and examples of hypocrisis Definition (1) Hypocrisis is a rhetorical term for mimicking or exaggerating the speech habits of others, often in order to mock them. In this sense, hypocrisis is a form of parody. Adjective: hypocritical. (2) In Rhetoric, Aristotle discusses hypocrisis  in the context of the delivery of a speech. Delivery of speeches in plays, notes Kenneth J. Reckford, as in assemblies or law courts (the term,  hypocrisis, is  the same), requires the right use of qualities like rhythm, volume, and voice quality (Aristophanes Old-and-New Comedy, 1987). In Latin, hypocrisis can also mean hypocrisy or feigned sanctity. Etymology From the Greek, reply; (orators) delivery; to play a part in the theater. Examples and Observations In the terminology of Latin rhetoric both actio and pronuntiatio apply to the realization of a speech by vocalization (figura vocis, which covers breath and rhythm) and accompanying physical movements.   . . . Both  actio  and  pronuntiatio  correspond to the Greek hypocrisis, which relates to the techniques of actors.  Hypocrisis  had been introduced into the terminology of rhetorical theory by Aristotle (Rhetoric, III.1.1403b). The dual histrionic and oratorical associations of the Greek word reflect the ambivalence, perhaps even hypocrisy, about the relationship between speech-delivery and acting that pervades the Roman rhetorical tradition. On the one hand, rhetoricians make untold pronouncements against oratory that bears too strong a resemblance to acting. Cicero in particular takes pains to distinguish between the actor and the speaker. On the other hand, examples abound of orators, from Demosthenes through to Cicero and beyond, who hone their skills by observing and imitating actors. . . .   The equivalent of  actio  and  pronuntiatio  in modern English is delivery. (Jan M. Ziolkowski, Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? The Scope and Role of​  Pronuntiatio  in the Latin Rhetorical Tradition.  Rhetoric Beyond Words: Delight and Persuasion in the Arts of the Middle Ages, ed. by  Mary Carruthers. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Aristotle on Hypocrisis The section [in  Rhetoric] on hypocrisis is a part of Aristotles discussion of diction (lexis), in which he painstakingly explains to his reader that, in addition to knowing what to say, one must also know how to put the right content into the right words. In addition to these main two considerations, two topicswhat to say and how to put it in wordsthere is, Aristotle admits, a third topic, which he will not discuss, namely, how to properly deliver the right content put into the right words. . . . Aristotles . . . agenda is quite clear from his quasi-historical account. In associating the increase of interest in delivery with the fashion for poetic texts (both epic and dramatic) to be recited by people other than their authors, Aristotle seems to be contrasting the performers studied delivery with the authors presumably spontaneous rendition of their own work. Delivery, he implies, is essentially a mimetic art that originally developed as a skill of actors imitating emotions that they did not experience. As such, delivery risks skewing public debates, offering an unfair advantage to speakers willing and able to manipulate their audiences emotions. (Dorota Dutsch, The Body in Rhetorical Theory and in Theater: An Overview of Classical Works.  Body-Language-Communication, edited by  Cornelia Mà ¼ller et al.  Walter de Gruyter, 2013) Falstaff Playing the Role of Henry V in a Speech to the Kings Son, Prince Hal Peace, good pint-pot; peace, good tickle-brain. Harry, I do not only marvel where thou spendest thy time, but also how thou art accompanied: for though the camomile, the more it is trodden on the faster it grows, yet youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it wears. That thou art my son, I have partly thy mothers word, partly my own opinion, but chiefly a villainous trick of thine eye and a foolish-hanging of thy nether lip, that doth warrant me. If then thou be son to me, here lies the point; why, being son to me, art thou so pointed at? Shall the blessed sun of heaven prove a micher and eat blackberries? a question not to be asked. Shall the sun of England prove a thief and take purses? a question to be asked. There is a thing, Harry, which thou hast often heard of and it is known to many in our land by the name of pitch: this pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile; so doth the company thou keepest: for, Harry, now I do not speak to thee in drink but in tears, not in plea sure but in passion, not in words only, but in woes also: and yet there is a virtuous man whom I have often noted in thy company, but I know not his name. (William Shakespeare,  Henry IV, Part 1,  Act 2, scene 4) AlsoSee CaricatureDeliveryHyperboleMimesisSarcasmSatire

How to improve police image in Luassane, Switzerland Research Paper

How to improve police image in Luassane, Switzerland - Research Paper Example There is a need to find out the actual cause and the most appropriate solution. The current image of the police force in Lausanne The police in Lausanne are struggling with an image problem. The head of the police department resigned citing criticism over policing in the Vaud capital. This has caused the police department to be in a state of confusion. The police chief challenged anyone capable of leading the police department to come forth and take charge. This exposes the desperation the police leadership in Lausanne. The police leadership tends to lack a strong sense of direction. This trickles down the police ranks in the police department, (Chan, 1997). The police policies are non functional. The youths over drink openly and women can walk for long alone due to insecurity concerns. Police leadership makes decrees which are not part of the police policy. The police are perceived to be soft on crime. The people of the city are increasingly becoming insecure. This is because the po lice are ineffective. For instance, the streets became a battlefield following a dispute between hockey team fans in Lausanne and Fribourg. This led to arrests and fights. The police were clearly unable to handle the situation in the city. The police leadership does not take the responsibility when such events occur. The police department needs an urgent rebranding in order to win the public confidence. The police have lacked morale and are not motivated, (Cameron, 2004). Drug peddling is rampant in Lausanne city. The police are not able to deal with the drug menace effectively. However, the police department keeps making empty promises on dealing with illegal drug trade and smuggling, (Skogan, 2004). The ideal image. The police should have a credible and organized leadership in Lausanne. The leadership of the police force should come up with practical and effective policies. The police should make every part of the city accessible by making sure that there is adequate security in a nd around Lausanne. This shall make sure children can freely play in La Broutte Park. The police should stop all the drug peddling networks. This shall help the youth become more responsible in their conduct. All bars in Lausanne should open and close in the legally stipulated time, (Kratcoski, 2007). The police should enforce proper management of bars. This shall ensure responsible drinking from the youths. The police department should demonstrate zeal and diligence in the job. Furthermore, the police should be extremely firm on dealing with crime in the city. Criminal should be arrested and prosecuted. Moreover, the police should always ensure there is order in Lausanne even in the event of games or other significant activities. The aim is to avoid arresting the innocent and enhance community policing. In case of any concern, the police should respond with clear statements to avoid ambiguity. The police spokes person should perform his or her job professionally. The police should come up with a policy that minimizes tension between the force and the members of the public. Methodology Questionnaires The research included giving 20 questionnaires to Lausanne residents. This was done at random. Interviews Structured interviews were conducted to the members of the public who were willing to participate. 10 interviews were conducted with regard to the same. Integrity of the research All respondents were assured that the information they gave would be treated with confidence. They also participated with informed consent

The American colonization, on the eve of Revolution Essay

The American colonization, on the eve of Revolution - Essay Example A few years later, the parliament passed the Tea Act to save the East Indian Company from bankruptcy. It removed all the duties on tea exported by the British thus giving them undue advantage over other exported tea to America. On the day, the first shipments of the tea arrived in Boston, three members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians boarded the ships and threw all the tea into the sea later known as the Boston Tea Party. For the first time, leaders of the twelve colonies, excluding Georgia met in Philadelphia and convened the First Continental Congress to create a single unified stand and response to the laws and policies passed by the British Parliament. Through the congress, they filed a petition called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the British king. At the height of the revolution, all of the thirteen colonies convened again as Second Continental Congress. An Anglo-American philosopher in the name of Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet entitled â€Å"Common Sense† and asked whether â€Å"a continent should be ruled by an island†. Only a few Loyalist Americans then were ready and willing to defend Great Britain. This was due to the continuing clashes between the Patriots and British troops. The Patriots then were the primary army who are fighting against the British. These clashes further advanced the growth of American patriotism. The Second Continental Congress took the ultimate steps. They organized an army to continue the fight called the Continental Army with George Washington as the commander-in-chief. The Patriots then were the staunch supporters of the continuing revolution while the Loyalists would still want to be part of the British Empire. Most of the Loyalists then were wealthy and politically powerful people in the American society. These include the merchants, lawyers and landowners. And the Patriots were

John Adams Mini Series Essay Example for Free

John Adams Mini Series Essay The epic HBO miniseries John Adams is far more than a simple historical drama or biographical account of the life of one of the United States’ founding fathers. The series is a glimpse of a period of American history of which many Americans today are unfortunately ignorant. When most modern Americans think of the period of the Revolutionary War and the birth of the country, barring those that study history during school or as an occupation, they think merely of stilted figures that are more myth than reality. When they think of George Washington, they think of a stoic, almost superhuman figure, that is best known for being so honest that he could not tell a lie as a child when he chopped down a cherry tree. When they think of Thomas Jefferson, they think of a genius that so poetically created the country’s most important documents and made the Louisiana Purchase that doubled the country’s size. When common Americans think of Benjamin Franklin, they think that he invented electricity. And, when they think of John Adams, most Americans unfortunately do not really know what to think, and more than anything else, the miniseries sets forth to enlighten the masses. John Adams, while a seminal figure in the birth of the U. S. , is largely unknown by so many of young and old citizens that can rattle off facts of popular culture faster than American history. Like many of the other founding fathers, he is viewed less as human and more as a mythological figure in history, though his actual contributions are not as pronounced as Jefferson, Washington, and even Franklin. The miniseries sheds light on the mystery of John Adams by showing him as he was: a man. Not only do they portray him as a man, they portray him as flawed, awkward at times, easy to anger and to feel slighted, but always honest and upright. He is also ceaselessly prudent and refuses to shy away from work or duty. If anything, this is the main attribute that allowed a hard-working self-made man like John Adams to elevate himself to the level of president, despite all the odds that seemed to be stacked against him. He lacked the charisma of his cousin, Sam, the finances of many founding fathers like Jefferson, and the leadership skills of Washington, but he still managed to elevate himself through hard work and his sense of duty. By portraying John Adams as a regular man that elevated himself through reason and duty, the makers of the miniseries are trying to remove the myth from the founding fathers and replace it with something far more valuable: the truth. Adams, like Jefferson, Washington, and Franklin were merely men at a pivotal time in history with strong ideals and the courage to not back down from them. Adams was also portrayed as having many of the problems and home life of common Americans today. Though his children were on the whole upstanding, he still experienced problems with his son Charles, who drank and caroused and felt neglected by his father. This aspect of Adams’ duty was portrayed excellently in the miniseries, as his wife Abigail and his children often felt the pain of having their father and husband away so often. Adams, too, was not devoid of feeling the absence, and his love for his wife often kept him grounded, if not feeling lonely on the long journeys to Europe. The relationship between Adams and his wife is one of the most humanizing aspects of the film, and it portrays the intimate life of a founding father without any romantic idealization. The Adamses loved each other deeply, and Abigail would often soothe her husband’s doubts and insecurities, while also instilling in him the confidence to succeed. As a strong, intelligent woman in a time where women were expected to live nothing more than a domestic life, the miniseries portrays Abigail as contributing a great deal to her husband’s views, and therefore a great deal in his actions concerning the founding of the country. At times, she would take a hard line with him, though never browbeating him, and she would remind him of his abilities when he would sometimes forget. This helps make modern viewers understand the humanity of life in America over two-hundred years ago, with a reality previously unseen in historical films and television shows. There are also many intricacies of Revolutionary society which are rarely portrayed, but dealt with so well in the miniseries. Fashion is a huge issue, and the wigs that men wore make a modern person wonder about such trends, possibly even questioning current fashion trends. Today, successful men wear suits with ties around their necks, and rarely wear hats. While in Adams’ time, no men went out without their hat, and few men went out without their wigs. While this could be a substitute for male pattern baldness, it seems more like a status symbol, where men can be judged by the elaborate nature of their wigs and their curls. The time spent on such things like the fashion of the French court, the powdering of the wigs, and the white wigs worn by the King of England and those in court seem to suggest an intricacy that most modern Americans may find strange, but can be no stranger than the Windsor knot. This, like many other things in the miniseries help modern viewers understand that while things like fashion changes throughout time, men do not. The miniseries John Adams is about much more than a man or a myth, but it serves as an adept chronicling of history that personalizes events significant to the founding of America. Not only does it humanize John Adams, it helps explain to modern Americans that might not know the contributions he made and how much everything they take for granted is owed to his hard work and sacrifices. The ideals that Adams held sacred are still echoed in the fabric of America, even if Americans cannot see it. The hard work, the individualism, the sometimes inexcusable lack of diplomacy in exchange for brutal honesty are all characteristics that have been respected and emulated by Americans throughout the past two centuries. Adams had few pretensions, and though he had more than a few character flaws, he was human. More than anything else, the miniseries adeptly portrays that history is not merely words in a history book or romanticized in film, but history is the collected actions of humans throughout time, warts and all. History is created by men that are flawed, all the problems and benefits of family and love are the same, and sometimes, a few regular men rise up and change the world, like John Adams.

BLACK DEATH :: essays research papers

There have been many killers in the history of the world. There have been serial killers, there have been murders. But none of them can compare to these two killers. Aids and The Bubonic Plague(The Black Death) They have been the worse killers because when they strike, we have no way of curing them. Both of these diseases are fatal. There is no cure for them. That is what makes these two so frightening and scary. We have no idea where these two epidemics came from, there have been stipulation but no single person can say where they originated or who or what brought either of the two. Eventually the Bubonic plague stopped after claiming 1/4 of Europe's population. Unfortunately Aids does not look like it will die down any time soon. These diseases have been the worse killers of our time. But there are some similarities between the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Death(Bubonic Plague) began in Central Asia in the 14th century in the mid-1300's. It was said to have lasted over 400 years. Its symptoms were the swelling of the armpits and other areas of the body, mostly the groin and the neck, another symptom would be rings around your cheeks, the main symptom was black patches around the skin caused by bleeding around the buboes(swollen lymph glands). About one fourth of Europe died within a few years after the Plague was introduced to Europe in 1347. Europe wasn't the only place to be hit with the Plague. The Far East was also affected by it to, though not as severe as Europe was. Many scientists and people believe that rats and other rodents brought the epidemic to Europe. Most Epidemics are most likely to occur when rats live closely with humans in areas where there is poverty with poor sanitation and that also share an environment with wild rodents that have plague bacteria. The bubonic Plague eventually came t o an end. It ended for many different reasons. Seasonal or weather changes can greatly affect the survival of the rodent host or fleas. Measures were also taken to control rodents and fleas, sanitation measures were also taken along with the use of antibiotics to prevent the disease. When the Bubonic Plague first came to Europe nobody knew what to do. The affects that it had on Europe was tremendous. Entire villages and cities were taken out by the plague. BLACK DEATH :: essays research papers There have been many killers in the history of the world. There have been serial killers, there have been murders. But none of them can compare to these two killers. Aids and The Bubonic Plague(The Black Death) They have been the worse killers because when they strike, we have no way of curing them. Both of these diseases are fatal. There is no cure for them. That is what makes these two so frightening and scary. We have no idea where these two epidemics came from, there have been stipulation but no single person can say where they originated or who or what brought either of the two. Eventually the Bubonic plague stopped after claiming 1/4 of Europe's population. Unfortunately Aids does not look like it will die down any time soon. These diseases have been the worse killers of our time. But there are some similarities between the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Death(Bubonic Plague) began in Central Asia in the 14th century in the mid-1300's. It was said to have lasted over 400 years. Its symptoms were the swelling of the armpits and other areas of the body, mostly the groin and the neck, another symptom would be rings around your cheeks, the main symptom was black patches around the skin caused by bleeding around the buboes(swollen lymph glands). About one fourth of Europe died within a few years after the Plague was introduced to Europe in 1347. Europe wasn't the only place to be hit with the Plague. The Far East was also affected by it to, though not as severe as Europe was. Many scientists and people believe that rats and other rodents brought the epidemic to Europe. Most Epidemics are most likely to occur when rats live closely with humans in areas where there is poverty with poor sanitation and that also share an environment with wild rodents that have plague bacteria. The bubonic Plague eventually came t o an end. It ended for many different reasons. Seasonal or weather changes can greatly affect the survival of the rodent host or fleas. Measures were also taken to control rodents and fleas, sanitation measures were also taken along with the use of antibiotics to prevent the disease. When the Bubonic Plague first came to Europe nobody knew what to do. The affects that it had on Europe was tremendous. Entire villages and cities were taken out by the plague.

Leadership Qualities by Community Outreach Program Essay

The Asian American Drug Abuse Program follows the s2/m2 level of Situational Leadership theory developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. This model works best for AADAP because the services they provide for people are mostly therapeutic in nature. AADAP offers many programs like residential services and employment access which are aimed at potential clients who are motivated but lack the skills to change without some form of treatment and rehabilitation. With regarding the Managerial Grid format put forward by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, AADAP is highly focused concerning both the people whom they help and the production they create. Based on the therapy provided and job training opportunities offered AADAP can be considered at the highest levels of the Managerial Grid often referred to as the team style. The Boys and Girls club of America at its best would follow the s3/m3 tier of the Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership theory. Boys and Girls clubs fit this role by placing more emphasis on building relationships. Main goals of the club are to provide young kids with a safe environment during the summers and after school while supporting healthy habits, positive values, and a commitment to learning. As the Boys and Girls club is compared to model set by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, their high focus on their people along with highly subjective production lands this club securely with the â€Å"country club† or accommodating style. The Division of Family and Children Services operates to completely different means from national or local programs centered at helping the community. Those other programs, the Boys and Girls club and AADAP, have placed a greater emphasis on individual treatment and mentoring while the Georgia state Division of Family and Children Services is clearly weighted heavier towards high productivity. Programs sponsored by this division are about getting vital services to children and families like food and social services but without the types of relationships that clubs like the Boys and Girls offer the Division of Family and Children Services fits into the dictatorial style of the Managerial Grid. While comparing this Division to the Situational Leadership theory many similarities show up between s1/m1 levels of maturity and people who couldn’t work and would need to use programs like food stamps that this Division offers. All of the levels presented by Ken Blanchard and Paul Hersey in their Situational Leadership theory show different managerial styles just like the Managerial Grid. While they lean on different support structures and focuses, they both present a similar message of utilizing separate styles and leadership roles based on your staff or clients and based on the type of business you are trying to lead.

Conformity and Obedience Essay

Compliance means doing what other people in our social standing do in our daily lives. Most people, in most social groups, conform in everyday things like speech, dress codes, eating habits etc. This kind of conformity is known as ‘’Social control’’- the numerous pressure as individuals grow turns them from babies into members of our society. The main agencies of social control are the family, the peer group, the media, religion, employment and the law. All of these encourage conformity of one kind or another. The conformity types of behaviour are called ‘’social norms’’ Social norms; these are the normal types of behaviour in normal social groups * Age groups * Colleges and classes in college * People of same social economic background * Women/Men * Ethnic groups The role of self-esteem in Conformity; Low self-esteem is linked to feelings of insecurity. Research has tended to show that people with low self-esteem, or low feelings of security, are most likely to be the people that would conform. It is believed that those with low self-esteem can increase their sense of personal security if they belong to a group and adopting its norms because there is ‘’safety in numbers’’ Self-esteem is related to how a person has been brought up, academical performance and to economic and family background. The relevance of conformity in the uniformed public services: The uniformed public services encourage conformity among their members in various ways: Uniform and rank structures, working in teams, espirit de corps, and by having social clubs, sports clubs, and other activities which encourage individuals to mix and socialise outside working hours. The message from the uniformed public services is that conformity is a good thing for their image and for the work of each service. Conformity can be used to be a strong bonding force in the uniformed public services, but if it becomes to strong then this can sometimes lead to problems. In a diverse csociety people are different, and they are usuall quite proud of their differeences, it is what makes them unique. People criticse the public services because they feel that to many of the services have too many white males. In general they are good at their jobs, but they tend to be full of themselves and have that â€Å"bullish† attitude. This means that they have become less welcoming to the female or ethnic minority recruits, aswell as gays and lesbians. The feeling is that these men have been conforming one another so that they exclude everbody else and this they hope will put off new recruits. Obedience basically means the act of carrying out an order As a practice, it means that orders are carried out regularly and that these orders are carried out with dependence. As a quality, it is a habit that people develop that allows them to follow orders without delay and without complaint. Obedience differs from conformity. When someone conforms, they do something without being asked to do it. E. g. An officer who would wear their uniform on duty. Where as, when someone obeys, they do what they are told to. E. g. A soldier following an order to shoot somebody. Following orders; In thte uniformed public services being able to follow orders quickly and promptly is an absolute must. This does not mean that employees are robots and do exactly what they are told all the time, but the short of it is whenever an order has to be obeyed then it has to be obeyed. Due to this reason, people who are not able or prepared to follow an order, are not likely to be employed in the uniformed public services. Even though employees in the uniformed public services have an obligation to follow orders, the people giving the orders have an obligation to give orders that are reasonable and are justified. Orders are part of the general drive towards discipline orders help to give the uniform services structure and keep everything intact. Conscious and unconscious obedience; Those who have very little experience in following orders join a uniformed public service may have problems following orders and may have to make themselves do so. Though after a while it may become very natural to them and they just get used to obeying to orders. The move from having conscious to unconscious obedience. In order to be a public servant the uniformed public services stress that a servant has both conscious and unconscious bedience. the first so work id done in a discipline and organized manner. The second in emergencies were instinct and instant response is needed. Unconscious obedience is not the same as blind obedience. Compliance; Compliance is doing something that other people want you to do. Though sometimes like â€Å"compliance with common practices† this is seen as conformity. In other contexts such as â€Å"compliance with an order† this will mean obedience. Depending on the context, compliance can have different meanings, compliance could be willing or it could obedience in which the person is happy to follow orders. Some feel that compliance is forced upon people. Compliance also means to obedient to rules, regulations and laws. Within the uniform services willing, cheerful obedience is good because it suggests that the team is happy and working well. Status as a factor in obedience The same is in the uniformed public services as in life, if an order is giving it is more likely to be obeyed by someone if the person giving the order is of a higher status. In the uniformed services status usually will mean rank, and orders will most of the time come from the higher ranks to the lower ranks. Those at lower ranks only really get to suggest ideas. Though someone times exceptions will occur to the norm of higher telling lower what to do. For example if someone is an expert in an area they will be given temporary authority. Therefore for that short period the expert is the boss. This might be seen in a road traffic accident where the police would be the one with the higher status until the vehicles become on fire then the Fire service become the bosses because they are the experts. Influences These factors can change the nature of the orders or how they are received by individuals. Fear – This is fear of punishment, of loss of rank, physical beating or of peer-group ridicule. All of these may contribute to people obeying orders that they would not normally obey. Fear of a person (e. g. a commanding officer) should not be the motivating factor for obeying orders. If an individual is following orders due to fear this would suggest that there is some form of harrasment, poor team relationships or levels of understanding are bad. These are potential serious problems iin the Uniformed Public services. The likes of bullying can be a serious problem and can face people with leaving, driven to depression or even taking their own lives. Reward- Rewards are used as an incentive to follow orders, but should only take the form of appraisal, and not gifts. Giving rewards that would be considered obvious lays those handing them out to be seen as having favourites or corrupted. As everyone is to be considered equals favouritism in the Uniformed Public Service is not something that is illegal. Love- Love can sometimes mean intense admiration for some. For e. g. Soldiers may get very close to each during hard times and begin to consider people like a family member. This may also love their country. This type of love can make people be highly obedient and can sometimes lead to self-sacrifice. Sexual love or falling in love can happen in the uniformed public services, and can be seen as bad for obedience as love can blind people. This is why women were not allowed in the armed forces and so were homosexuals until 2000. It was felt that love undermined service discipline. Respect- Within the uniformed public services there are two types of respect: * Respect due to rank- e. g. saluting a senior officer * Personal respect for individuals. Both act as a stimulus for obedience and conformity and do so without undermining authority.

Behind the Oval Office essays

Behind the Oval Office essays President Clinton contacted Dick Morris, an associate of seventeen years, one month before the 1994 gubernatorial elections with one goal in mind, to win the 1996 presidential election. His intentions were to get Morriss help to win back the presidency and redefine his image as the Commander in Chief. With the notion of the permanent campaign, Clinton was able to gain back public appeal and win the 1996 election with ease. Recent history has shown that presidents can not only be brought down by their failures but by their successes as well. Although they may accomplish what they say they are going to, failures to initiate new programs and innovate cause voters to lose interest. This was where Dick Morris and the permanent campaign stepped in. Clinton employed Morris to figure out which way the public was going on issues and what they really wanted out of their president. What the majority of people wanted was change. The public wanted a president who acted like a president. The use of extensive polling helped Morris and Clinton determine the popular stances on issues, which arguments were more persuasive, and why certain voters liked or disliked the President. Clinton needed to get a clear idea of how he had gone wrong in the eyes of his public in order to get back on track with them. Polling was not used to tell the President what to do, but was a good gauge as to what the public felt was im portant for him to do and where they stood as a society. Clintons easy win in 1996 was a result of his new definition of the job and the new substance that was added to his campaign. It was not the result of spinning. Spinning refers to when consultants or spin doctors change the way in which their candidates and their positions on issues are presented. Substance is not created. Their views are merely twisted to change the publics perception of them. What Dick Morris did with Bill Cl...

Charles Darwin Student WebQuest

Charles Darwin Student WebQuest Learning about the life and work of scientist Charles Darwin can be more engaging with a lesson plan incorporating a WebQuest. Students can do their own research to learn more about the Father of Evolution by using these questions with the links provided. Charles Darwin WebQuest:    Directions:  Go to the webpages listed below and answer the following questions using the information on those pages.    Link #1:  Who Is Charles Darwin?  https://www.thoughtco.com/who-is-charles-darwin-1224477​    1.  When and where was Charles Darwin born?  What were his parents named and did he have any siblings?    2.  Briefly describe Darwin’s schooling and why he did not become a doctor.    3.  How did Darwin get selected to sail on the HMS Beagle?    4.  What year did Darwin first propose the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection and who was his collaborator?      5.  What was the name of his most famous book, when was it published, and why was he so reluctant to publish it?    6.  When did Charles Darwin die and where is he buried?    Link #2: 5 Interesting Facts About Charles Darwin https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-charles-darwin-1224479​    1.  Who did Charles Darwin marry and how did he meet her?  How many children did they have?    2.  What TWO things did Charles Darwin have in common with Abraham Lincoln?    3.  How did Darwin influence the beginning of Psychology?    4.  What is the name of the book Darwin wrote that was influenced by Buddhism and how is it related to that religion?    Link #3:  People Who Influenced Charles Darwin https://www.thoughtco.com/people-who-influenced-charles-darwin-1224651​ (Note:  In this section, you may have to click on the links of the people’s names to get to their biographies to answer some of the following questions)    1.  Give the birth and death dates of Jean Baptiste Lamarck.    2.  What did Lamarck believe would happen to older, unused structures as new adaptations took over for them?    3.  Who influenced Darwin to come up with the idea of Natural Selection (also sometimes called â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†)?    4.  The Comte de Buffon was not a scientist.  What area was he most known for and what did he help discover?    5.  Alfred Russel Wallace contributed to the Theory of Evolution as well but is far less known outside scientific circles. Briefly describe Wallaces contributions.    6.  What relation was Erasmus Darwin to Charles Darwin and how did he influence Charles Darwin?    Link #4:  Darwin’s Finches  https://www.thoughtco.com/charles-darwins-finches-1224472​    1.  How long did it take the HMS Beagle to reach South America and how long did they stay there?    2.  Besides the finches, what two things did Darwin study while on the Galapagos Islands?    3.  What year did Darwin return to England and whom did he enlist to help him figure out the situation with the finches’ beaks?  (Name the man and his occupation.) Describe the man’s reaction and what he said about Darwin’s information.    4.  Relate why the finches had different beaks to the evolution of the species.  How did this new information compare to Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s ideas?    5.  What is the name of the book Darwin published about his trip to South America?

Investigation of Investors in People in the UK Leisure Industry - Essay

Investigation of Investors in People in the UK Leisure Industry - Using Fitness First as a case study - Essay Example The corporation’s entire staff, clients, and vendors were affected directly or indirectly when incorporating change. Fitness First UK’s employees work hard in order that client scan recuperate from the stresses of daily life. Perhaps by implementing Investors in People, the largest health club organization, which caters to their external people (clients) can also provide cater to their internal people (employee) and reach its objective more effectively. Hence, the focus of this project was to evaluate how the Investors in People Standard, can be implemented the current policies of Fitness First UK. The Investors in People Standard, or the Standard, provides a framework for organization to follow. However, the framework is kept open and flexible so that organisations can adjust and customize to meet its needs. Based on the actions of the planning cycle, the Standard’s guidelines are to Plan, Do, and Review. It is not strictly structured in order that organizations can implement the Standard in the way that is best. This makes sense and is highly effective because each organization and its people are extremely unique. Investors in People UK list their framework: Scutt (1998) lists, â€Å"The current Director, John Layne, joined Airline Operations during 1994 and quickly identified the need to improve its business performance, customer service, and reduce costs. The Director was aware of the existence of Investors in People and saw it as the tool that would facilitate the implementation of a culture to achieve the required improvements†¦It was formally communicated throughout the function and gained very strong support from the Trade Unions. Fitness First is the largest health club operator in the UK and Europe. Having grown from a single health club, twelve years later Fitness First has 1.2 million members in fifteen countries. There are 166 Fitness First clubs in the UK, which is the focus of this case study. They

Health Promotion Package for Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Promotion Package for Diabetes - Essay Example Health promotion can take varied forms, depending on the concerned groups or individuals. Different constructs of health and well-being exist. In the context of Edna, various constructs are applicable in enhancing her well-being and health status. The constructs are multi-perspective and addresses various health concerns highlighted in the case study. Most relevant constructs includes; Social model theory of health promotion remains addressed from different perspective. It does not focus on medical profession domain alone. The social model does not entirely rely on the medical model on addressing various health issues. A multi-perspective approach that includes all the individual experiences and defined places are taken into consideration in this approach. Principally, there is a correlation dynamic interaction between the social structures and the concerned human agency. In addressing the medical conditions of Edna, a multi-perspective social model can find use in efficiently remedying her health concerns. Psychological model differs from medical model from the test that confirms and qualify an individual as sick. While the medical model may require an independent test to determine a medical condition, psychological model relies mostly on the psychological examinations that do not involve medical tests. For the case of Edna, psychological therapy may help relieve conditions such as stress due to death of the husband. Psychological model relies more on the subjective manifestation of the condition rather than the objective determinants of a given condition. Medical model of disease management utilizes the scientific theories and doctor patient relationship in managing a disease condition. Independent objective test are carried to determine specific condition affecting an individual. The medical models rely on the use of medicine in the management of health. For the case of Edna, medical

Clinical objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Clinical objectives - Essay Example Patients in the health care system who are at high risk include pediatric and elderly patients. The management should put up safety environment measures such as the orientation of patients and their visitors about the movement in the wards and rooms. Furthermore, the nurses can be within call so that they can respond fast to any fall incidences. These are some of the available safety measures at the disposal of the healthcare givers to achieve fall prevention. The healthcare administrators bear the greatest responsibilities of ensuring that the incidences of falls in their facilities are reduced. For starters, the administrators ensure that all the patients in their facilities are provided with no slip footwear that minimizes incidences of falling down. The administrators should also encourage the healthcare givers such as the nursing staff to keep reinforcing hospital regulation, such as those making sure that they attend to the patients on a continuous basis (Carroll, Dykes, & Hurley, 2010). Moreover, the administrators can influence the design stage of a health facility to ensure that systems that will be used by the patients and the healthcare givers are carefully designed. A suitably designed healthcare facility minimizes the risk of falls and in the end, it reduces the rate of fall occurrences at such

Critical Analysis Of Research Design And Data Collection Management Essay

Critical Analysis Of Research Design And Data Collection Management Essay The purpose of this assignment is to offer a critical analysis of the underpinning assumptions and research design and data collection strategies and the practice of academic research. Two research papers are chosen for the purpose of this analysis. The first paper is a quantitative study and the second paper is a qualitative study. They are as follows:- Shafer, W. E., Fukukawa, K. and Lee, G. M. (2007) Values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility: The U.S. versus China, Journal of Business Ethics, 70 (3), pp. 265-284. Tsoi, J. (2007) Stakeholders perceptions and future scenarios to improve corporate social responsibility in Hong Kong and Mainland China, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-14. The main reason for selecting these two papers is that they both report upon the area of corporate social responsibility, which is the focus of my PhD. Within the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR), there has been considerable research discussing the relationship between values and perception with the attitude/behaviour of businesses towards CSR. These values are considered quantifiable and thus have been measured quantitatively using scales developed by authors such as Forsyth (1980), Singhapakdi et al. (1996), and Vitell and Patwardhan (2008). Interviews have been used to bring forward the values that are deemed important by stakeholders, and were explored qualitatively by Fukukawa and Teramoto (2009), Siltaoja (2006), and Là ¤hdesmà ¤ki and Siltaoja (2009). The two papers selected both looked at cross-cultural values and perceptions, however, they utilise different methods of investigation. This difference could provide a good basis for comparison, in terms of philosophical assumptions, research design, and the method of data collection. The analyses will begin for each paper with an introduction of the research aims, followed by the epistemological and ontological position, the research design, followed by analysis of its research methodology, the alternative research design and lastly, conclusions from this discussion will be provided. Review of Quantitative Research paper 2.1 Research Objectives This study by Shafer, Fukukawa and Lee (2007) examined the values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility on managers from China and the U.S. The authors used scales instruments to obtain quantitative data in order to make inferences on whether the managers nationality and personal values have effect on their ethical perception. The American and Chinese managers are assumed to differ in their personal values and subsequently this should be reflected from their responses to the Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility (PRESOR) scale. The authors provided the relevant background information and built up the reasoning for their hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that managers from China would believe less strongly than American managers in the importance of ethically and socially responsible conduct to achieve organisational success. The second hypothesis was that both American and Chinese managers personal values are believed to have significant impact on the responses to the scale. These hypotheses seem to correlate strongly with the research objectives which are to determine that there is variation in response due to cultural differences. 2.2 Epistemological and Ontological Assumptions It is likely that the authors based their research on moral philosophy which refers in particular to the principles of rules that people use to decide what is right or wrong (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2005:19). This paper seems to indicate that the principles of rules of managers of different cultures are likely to differ and thus ethical decision-making would vary. The authors provided examples of other empirical research to support this notion. The assumption that personal values can influence ethical decisions shows that the research is likely to infer an ontological assumption of realist, whereby reality is seen to have an existence independent of the activities of the human observer (Blaikie, 2007:13). As the research strives to compare values and perceptions, these elements are thought to be measurable and quantifiable; seemingly leaning towards the empiricism position in which the key idea is that knowledge comes from observing the world (Blaikie, 2007:19). The authors e mployed deductive research whereby the hypotheses formed are tested to determine if the statements can be supported (Sekaran, 2003:31), which is a typical research approach of empiricists. Taking possibly the stance of positivists, these values are assumed measureable, and are thus thought to form the social reality that these values affect the perception of corporate social responsibility amongst the managers from these two countries. 2.3 Research Design The intention is to establish the differences in personal values, by using large quantities of data, which would be representative of the overall population of American and Chinese managers. This suggests that there are two assumptions, that values are measureable and that it is possible to generalise the population from the sample. In order to generalise, a considerably large amount of data is required, thus a survey research instrument was employed. The PRESOR scale developed by Singhapakdi et al. (1995) was used. The reasons that the PRESOR scale was chosen over the cultural dimensions formed by Hofstede (2001) were argued; examples of the latter in other research were shown to be inconsistent and inconclusive in its directional impact, thus making theoretical predictions difficult. The use of PRESOR scale in other research was exemplified and seemed to have established the reliability of its measurement. The PRESOR scale was explained further in the introduction of the paper. Thirteen out of sixteen original items were selected and the authors justified this by stating that only these thirteen items had significant factor loadings in the Singhapakdi, Scott and Franke (1999:25) study. These items were grouped into two categories; the Stockholder and the Stakeholder views. The Stakeholder View reflects the importance of ethics and social responsibility to organisational survival and success, whilst the Stockholder view indicates that organisational success depends on more than just profitability and obligations to the stockholders (Axinn et al., 2004:104) In the methodology section, the Schwartz value instrument and a demographic questionnaire were mentioned as being used together with the PRESOR scale. There was little mention of the reasons the Schwartz scale was used and how it was applied. It was only later in the appendix that the items considered in the Schwartz scale was provided in details. A clearer explanation could have improved the clarity of the paper. The research design employed the use of two research instruments (PRESOR scale and Schwartz value instrument) as means for data collection. The sample of practising managers from the two different countries was given the same survey to complete, thus the responses could be compared on that basis. The results from the analyses were then compared against the hypotheses formed, affirming or not affirming the hypotheses. This process is typical of the deductive approach (Blaikie, 2007:70). 2.4 Data Collection The sample consisted of 311 practising managers, enrolled part time in selective MBA programmes in the U.S. and China. The participation was voluntary and the scales were completed as an in-class exercise. The authors acknowledged potential problems from this sample selection. The first is that, although the MBA programmes in these two countries appear to be comparable, the sample may have confounded the effects of national differences and MBA programme differences. Secondly, the sample was not randomly selected as the authors had asked their students to complete the scales in-class. The authors did not provide further justification for these two problems and thus this is believed to have weakened the external validity of this investigation (Bryman and Bell, 2007:204). Aside from this comment from the authors, there was very little mention of the validity of the measurement which makes it difficult to make further discussion on this. The basis of their selectivity and the criteria in which these programmes were said to be comparable, were also not provided in details. The details of its comparability may have helped clarify and strengthen the validity of the selection criteria, as well as making the paper more understandable. Considering the objectives of the research, in which the authors seem to be looking at making generalisations on the affect of personal values, there is a need to collect large quantities of data. The survey method seems to be appropriate as surveys are easy to distribute to large number of people and costs can be kept to a minimum (Bryman and Bell, 2007:195). This relates to external validity, which is about generalisability of results beyond the focal study (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008:87). In this paper, external validity was not discussed; however, it is likely that the results are meant to be applicable for the context of China and the U.S. only. The authors stated the limitation of which the participants can not be assumed as representative of the broader populations of managers in these two countries, due to the fact that the MBA programmes were selective in nature. The research took consideration of the possibility that the age and experience differences of their sample might affect the results, and thus these factors were examined for significance. The scale was translated to Mandarin Chinese and later back-translated with resolution of discrepancies, to take account of the language difference. These examples seem to reflect on the effort of the authors in ensuring that the results are not significantly affected by other variables. In order to test the dimensionality of the PRESOR scale, a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalisation was applied. This is typical of a quantitative study where factor analysis is usually applied as part of the research design. In terms of research replication, this research had provided considerable amount of information which would possibly allow other researchers to perform similar research. The items from the two views (Stockholder and Stakeholder) of the PRESOR scale were provided in details. In addition, the authors also mentioned the calculation method used, such as the use of mean values and the Univariate Analysis of Covariance models (ANCOVA). The only exception would probably be the PRESOR scale itself, whereby the questions that were asked and the choice answers were not explicitly given, which might mean that future researchers might find it difficult to replicate the research and might even have to approach the authors or Singhapakdi who developed the scale. 2.5 Alternative Method The authors mentioned that more in-depth examination using qualitative design of investigation such as interviews would perhaps be more revealing. It is agreed that qualitative measure would allow insights into the importance of ethics to managers, and the various ethical issues that managers prioritise. The researchers are more likely to obtain a richer data of the decision-making process of managers, at the same time; they would be able to achieve the research objectives. The researchers can make use of semi-structured type interview which will allow better control of what questions need to be asked, and to ensure that the objectives of the interview are achieved as well (Bryman and Bell, 2007:474), if time and costs are constraints. There are also other alternatives methods to obtain qualitative data that would have fit this research, such as the use of focus groups. Focus group interviews allow researchers to observe the behaviour of the American and Chinese managers as they interact with each other. It would be possible to see the differences in reaction to ethical issues much more clearly, when these managers are given, for example, the same ethical dilemma, and they are required to rationalise the problem and come up with solutions. This method might be more useful than questionnaire surveys, particularly in that the values of the American and Chinese managers could be brought out through the way they respond and react to ethical problems, the problem-rationalisation process, and the degree of attention paid on a particular problem. Similar to the interview method, this would be considerably more costly to conduct, and it might even be more costly than doing interviews, however, the researchers would gain no t only in achieving the research objectives but they would also attain a better understanding of the effects of personal values in ethical decision-making. However, if the goal was only to establish that perception of CSR differs between diverse cultures, the research design would have fit the purpose. This is because the data collection strategy used (questionnaire survey), allowed the authors to obtain considerably response for generalisation. A questionnaire survey would also have been more cost-efficient and less time consuming, especially for cross-cultural studies. Review of Qualitative Research paper 3.1 Research Objectives In this second paper, this qualitative study aims to make apparent the perceptions and views of the future scenarios from stakeholders within the garment industry in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The underlying intention was to seek consensus and common ground, on a local and regional level to help companies develop an appropriate CSR strategy, to improve the state of corporate social responsibility and in the long run, to achieve sustainability in the region. The main objective was stated as by engaging with major stakeholders, to identify the local and regional supply chain stakeholders perceptions and expectations (Tsoi, 2007:1). Typical of a qualitative study, generalisation is often not the objective of the study (Bryman and Bell, 2007:410). This is apparent from this study as the author had mentioned that the sample may not be sufficient for generalisation for the entire garment industry, however, it is relevant to garment businesses involved in export-orientated activities (Tsoi, 2007:1). Tsoi (2007) used an inductive approach to identify the perceptions of stakeholders by conducting interviews. 3.2 Epistemological and Ontological Assumptions Although the author did not indicate the philosophical assumptions behind this study, the author implied that by identifying the stakeholders perception, the findings would help in building consensus, strengthening the implementation, and establishing future CSR framework. This suggests that the author has an ontological position of constructionism, which asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors, implying that there exists social interaction and that there is a constant state of revision of the social phenomena (Bryman and Bell, 2007:23). In this case study, the social reality of what is happening in the garment industry, in terms of its corporate social responsibility, is a social reality that was formed by the stakeholders. It suggests that the social phenomena (condition of CSR) can undergo changes, and that it is dependent on the activities of the social actors. The views of the social actors are thought to be indicative of the important issues in corporate social responsibility, within the garment industry. This form of research is consistent with the research paradigm of the interpretivist position, as the basis of the research is that the study of the phenomena requires an understanding of the social world that social actors have constructed and which they reproduced through their continuing activities (Blaikie, 2007:124). In this instance, the stakeholders are the social actors who will continually interpret and reinterpreting their social world which can be the garment industry. The social phenomenon that the author is investigating is the current state and the future of the corporate social responsibility in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The future conception of CSR in these two places is related to phenomenology, whereby, it concerns with the question of how individuals make sense of the world around them (Bryman and Bell, 2007:18). In this case, it can be viewed as the way stakeholders make sense of the state of corporate responsibility in the region. 3.3 Research Design The author relied on a qualitative method, specifically, the face-to-face semi-structured interview, which indicates the leanings of the author in conducting a naturalistic inquiry in real-world rather than experimental or manipulated settings (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003:4). For qualitative studies, semi-structured and unstructured interviews are commonly used as they provide rich, detailed answers and taps into the interviewees point of view (Bryman and Bell, 2007:474). As the focal source of data was the stakeholders themselves in this study, this seems to infer that the research design is based on the interpretivist view that the social phenomena can only be understood and be investigated from the inside (Blaikie, 2007:125). The author identified major stakeholders possibly with stakeholder theory, stating the assumption that multinationals see stakeholder consultation and management as an important communication tool in identifying and interpreting the needs of salient stakeholders and as such would enable the development of a common language for CSR and subsequently the development of proactive CSR strategies. This correlates with the stakeholder approach of Wheeler et al. (2003:19) who stated that value creation at the highest level requires an ability to build value-based networks where all stakeholders see merit in their association with and support for a business. In this instance, it is likely that the stakeholders were deemed to be important in the future direction of CSR in the region, and this was the reason that stakeholders were chosen as source of data. The author mentioned that these interviews conducted in 2004 and 2005 may no longer be relevant, since there were major developments in 2008. This might have made the interviews slightly outdated however; there should not be many changes to the overall aims of the stakeholders and thus the outcomes of this research would remain valid. However, as an alternative, the author could have applied longitudinal design which represents a distinct form of research design than is typically used to map change in business and management research (Bryman and Bell, 2007:60). The longitudinal design would not only serve the purpose of this study, but it would also allow insights into the factors that cause change to the perception. With this sample, it is possible to use cohort study, whereby the cohort is made up of people who share a certain characteristics (Bryman and Bell, 2007:61), since the stakeholders have a stake in the garment industry. However, longitudinal research may require a lot mor e preparation, could be time-consuming and thus it could be more costly. 3.4 Data Collection With regards to the methodology, the interview questions that were used for this research was not provided. As this was a semi-structured interview, it would have been useful if the author had provided general information on how the questions were formed, and the structure of the interview questions as this would provide an indication of the depth of the interviews, and hence the validity of the research design. For the sample, 25 representatives from academia, the business organisations, the non-government organisations, trade association, and government officials were identified. The response rate was 84%, in which 21 out of a total of 25 representatives of these organisations agreed to be interviewed. It was mentioned that the reason for such a high response rate, was that the author had contacted the interviewees on a one-to-one basis. Furthermore, the interviewees were also guaranteed anonymity. The sample, thus, appears to be extensive and is representative of the various stakeholders that are vital in the garment industry. 3.5 Alternative Method The intention was that the findings would help in building consensus, strengthening the implementation and establishing the future CSR framework (Tsoi, 2007:1). The author might have meant that having collected all the different views from these stakeholders, the author would be able to determine the consensus of how CSR should be developed and how CSR should be like in the future. However, it is doubtful that a consensus could have been obtained using this method of analysis. The interviewees, although were representative of the garment industry, each one a vital stakeholder, there was no real interaction between these stakeholders, and thus, the consensus that is meant is only based on the researchers understanding from the interviewees responses. Stakeholders are thought to be able to reach a better compromise through discourse, with different sides arguing for the validity of their point as well as ensuring that the interests of the group or association that they represent are ta ken account of (Bryman and Bell, 2007:511). While it is understandable, that there is a strong possibility that it could be costly to get all the interviewees to sit together through a discourse, nevertheless there are alternatives which might be more useful for the purpose of this investigation, given that the objective is to reach a consensus amongst the stakeholders. With this reasoning, the research design could improve by firstly conveying the findings of the interviews to all of the stakeholders interviewed, and follow up with another interview to see if there were changes to their views. Alternatively, the author could use the method of focus group interviews. With this method, Merton et al. (1956) (in Bryman and Bell, 2007:511) stated that the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning. Focus group interviews could provide a platform for the interviewees to interact and to establish a joint construction of what it means to strengthen CSR and also determine what future scenarios should and could be like. With regards to selecting a suitable size for the focus group, it is recommended by Bryman and Bell (2007:517) that the typical group size should be six to ten members, whilst Sekaran (2003:220) recommends a size of eight to twelve members. The reason that the focus group interview method was recommended was that the interviewees would be encouraged to express their opinions argumentatively, which would then allow the researcher to gauge the degree of importance of certain issues and how much flexibility the interviewees might h ave to reach a compromise with others. There are of course possible pitfalls using the focus group method, in that some interviewees might be dominant over others, and thus the opinions of those less dominant might not be heard, but these effects can be reduced to a minimum level by having a good moderator (in Bryman and Bell, 2007:511). The one-to-one interview method could still be more advantageous compared with the focus group interview, as the time and monetary costs of conducting a one-to-one interview would probably be considerably less and thus be more manageable especially if there was only one researcher, as was with this case study. In this case study, it seemed that a quantitative design would actually be difficult to apply, and it would also be inappropriate for an investigation on the perception of CSR as a business concern. Taking the example of using a questionnaire survey with closed-ended questions, it is very likely that the respondents would answer that they are very concerned about CSR, as that might be perceived as the correct response, thus creating social desirability bias to the results. Furthermore, with a questionnaire survey, the researcher would not be able to pin-point all the various future scenarios for CSR in Hong Kong and Mainland China, even if it was possible, the list of future scenarios might be too long to be practically manageable. Another issue would be that in making assumptions of the future scenarios that are deemed significant to the stakeholders, it would be problematic as the researcher might risk missing out relevant information. Therefore, it would be difficult, from these r easons, that a quantitative design would not be suitable for such a case study. Conclusions In summary, the two papers reflect significant differences in their research approach. This was seen through the objectives of the research, the underlying assumptions of the research philosophy and the conceptualisation of research design and the data collection. There is certainly much to learn from these two research papers, both had given valuable information on the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as offer guidance on the selection of research method and how to go about utilising these methods. The research designs, as shown in these papers, are dependent of the research objectives and the designs are also influenced by the epistemological and ontological assumptions made. Even though the philosophical positions of the researchers were not made explicit, however, the likely positions can be assumed. These papers have also shown that the advantages and the disadvantages of the different methods of investigation, and they need to be considered to e nsure that the best method is chosen for the purpose of the research. In these two papers, the method of investigation is distinct, one was a qualitative study and the other was a quantitative study, however, this does not necessarily mean that a mixed method of investigation can not be used. In fact, (Bryman and Bell, 2007:646) suggested that triangulation can be applied, in which the results of an investigation employing a method associated with one research strategy are cross-checked against the results of using a method associated with the other research strategy. Bibliography Axinn, C. N., Blair, M. E., Heorhiadi, A. and Thach, S. V. (2004) Comparing ethical ideologies across cultures, Journal of Business Ethics, 54 (2), pp. 103-119. Blaikie, N. (2007) Approaches to social enquiry: advancing knowledge. Polity Pr. Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007) Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. and Easterby-Smith, M. (2008) Management research. 3rd edn. London: Sage. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J. and Ferrell, L. (2005) Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases, Boston: MA, . Forsyth, D. R. (1980) A taxonomy of ethical ideologies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (1), pp. 175-184. Fukukawa, K. and Teramoto, Y. (2009) Understanding japanese CSR: The reflections of managers in the field of global operations, Journal of Business Ethics, 85 pp. 133-146. Hofstede, G. (2001) Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage Pubns. Là ¤hdesmà ¤ki, M. and Siltaoja, M. (2009) Towards a variety of Meanings-Multiple representations of reputation in the small business context, British Journal of Management, 9999 (9999), pp. 1-16. Ritchie, J. and Lewis, J. (2003) Qualitative research practice : a guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage Publications. Sekaran, U. (2003) Research methods for business : a skill-building approach. 4th edn. New York: Wiley. Shafer, W. E., Fukukawa, K. and Lee, G. M. (2007) Values and the perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility: The U.S. versus china, Journal of Business Ethics, 70 (3), pp. 265-284. Siltaoja, M. E. (2006) Value priorities as combining core factors between CSR and reputation-a qualitative study, Journal of Business Ethics, 68 (1), pp. 91-111. Singhapakdi, A., Kraft, K. L., Vitell, S. J. and Rallapalli, K. C. (1995) The perceived importance of ethics and social responsibility on organizational effectiveness: A survey of marketers, Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 23 (1), pp. 49-56. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J. and Franke, G. R. (1999) Antecedents, consequences, and mediating effects of perceived moral intensity and personal moral philosophies, Academy of Marketing Science.Journal, 27 (1), pp. 19-36. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., Rallapalli, K. C. and Kraft, K. L. (1996) The perceived role of ethics and social responsibility: A scale development, Journal of Business Ethics, 15 (11), pp. 1131-1140. Tsoi, J. (2007) Stakeholders perceptions and future scenarios to improve corporate social responsibility in hong kong and mainland china, Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-14. Vitell, S. and Patwardhan, A. (2008) The role of moral intensity and moral philosophy in ethical decision making: A cross-cultural comparison of china and the european union, Business Ethics, 17 (2), pp. 196-209. Wheeler, D., Colbert, B. and Freeman, R. E. (2003) Focusing on value: Reconciling corporate social responsibility, sustainability and a stakeholder approach in a network world, Journal of General Management, 28 (3), pp. 1.